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## Message Delivery

Within our Middleware framework, point-to-point messages are delivered using an in-order sender-reliable delivery scheme built on top of UDP. All messages are consumed in the order they are issued by the sender despite failures and reconfigurations. These ordering and delivery guarantees make it simpler to design distributed systems.

In our scheme, the sender of the message is responsible for re-transmitting the message on timeout. We use a sliding-window acknowledgement mechanism similar to those employed by TCP. The sending Site buffers the message and computes a smoothed estimate of the expected round-trip time for the acknowledgment to arrive from the receiver. If the acknowledgment does not arrive in the expected time, the sender re-transmits the message. The sender keeps a window of unacknowledged messages and controls flow by dynamically adjusting the width of this window depending upon whether an ACK was received in the expected time or not. Thus far, our description is similar to the mechanisms employed by TCP. We have implemented our own protocol, rather than just use TCP, because TCP does not address certain conditions such as failures above the transport level and dynamic movement of the communicating end-points.

As previously described, an application can be dynamically reconfigured at any time with both the sender and receiver moving. When movement of an MStream occurs, a Location Manager is informed of the new Site location where the MStream will reside. This information needs to be propagated to each Handler or Shell that has opened the MStream.

When the target of an Append moves, messages that have not been consumed have to be delivered to the MStream at the new Site. There are two design options in dealing with this problem - either forward un-consumed messages from the old Site to the new Site or re-deliver from the sender to the new Site. Forwarding messages has some negative implications for reliability. If the Site from which the MStream is migrating dies before buffered messages have been forwarded to the new Site, these messages will be lost. Hence, we opted for a sender-initiated retransmission scheme. The sender buffers the message until it receives notification that the handler has run and the message has been consumed, re-transmitting the message on time-out.

When an MStream moves it takes various state information along with it. Clearly, there is an implicit movement of handler code and Agent execution state (via the briefcase), but in addition, the MStream takes a state vector of sequence numbers. There is a slot in this vector for each "alive" MStream that the MStream in motion has sent messages to or received messages from. Each slot contains a sent-received pair of integers indicating the next sequence number to be sent or received from a given MStream. This allows the messaging code to determine how to stamp the next outgoing message or what sequence number should be consumed next from a given sending MStream.

Next: Handling Failures Up: Mobile Streams Previous: Dynamic Extension and Re-configuration